SA8000 – Social Accountability International is really a nongovernmental organization, multi-stakeholder, whose mission would be to advance the rights of workers worldwide. As partners to advance a persons rights of workers and eliminate sweatshops by promoting ethical working conditions, labor rights, social responsibility and social dialogue.

SA8000 documents will be the global standard most and well known for the treatments for rights in the office person for social responsibility International. It would be the first auditable standard, appropriate for organizations of all sizes around the globe, and offers a framework for your stakeholders that social responsibility is monitored on your management.

The SA8000 standard would be the central document of our own work at SAI. It is on the list of world’s first verifiable social certification standards for decent workplaces, to all industrial sectors. It is depending on the UN Declaration of Human Rights, the ILO, the UN and national legislation, and spans the manufacturing and business codes to produce a common language for measuring social performance.

A summary description in the SA 8000 standard basic elements is just as follows:

Child labor: Not less than 15 workers; Minimum reduced to 14 for that countries of Convention 138 in the ILO than developing countries; sanitation associated with a child found to be effective.

Health and Safety: Provide a safe and healthy working environment; do something to prevent injuries; regular safety and health training; system to detect threats to safety; use of bathrooms and potable water.

Freedom of association and collective bargaining: respect the authority to form and join trade unions and bargain collectively; where law prohibits these freedoms, parallel ways of association and collective bargaining.

Discrimination: No discrimination determined by race, caste, origin, religion, disability, gender, sexual orientation, union or political affiliation, or age; no sexual harassment.

Role a Realtor Plays

As a landlord, you will find the ultimate responsibility getting your rental units occupied. As you are wanting to fill a vacancy, at this point you instantly act as a Realtor. Such as supervising the advertisement of the rentals, set choosing future tenants to inspect the rentals and hang up available time for it to personally demonstrate the rentals.

Landlord as Salesperson

In your need to attract tenants to transfer on your units, additionally, you will serve as being a salesperson. You must exert full efforts in marketing your premises. Use marketing strategies, also, regarding how to convince tenants to seek out your unit more pleasing to live at.

Landlord as Detective

Whether you want it or otherwise not, you’ll be forced to participate in the challenging role of the detective as part of your pursuit of wanting to select the right tenant for your home. You need information that is personal about the tenant by way of a snap conversation thus to their former landlords, their employers and also running a credit assessment. Other things to be considered are: the attitude with the tenant on paying promptly, relationship with neighbors, signs and abides for a term tenancy (no less than a year), observes cleanliness, and avoids complaining constantly. So that outside of these gathered information it’s easy to welcome an excellent occupant. Also, you work as detective when handling tenant disputes since you need to investigate the facts behind the misunderstanding. In times of maintenance problem, the role of detective again intervenes, because you search for the main cause in the problem. If you have a roof leak without noticeable roof damage to consider ways to determine the location where the leak is arriving from.

The Role of Landlord like a Negotiator

At times a landlord can even be a negotiator. Sample ones is when a landlord hires an outdoor contractors and repairmen. He attempts to negotiate the most cost effective reasonable price and also convince anybody to arrive at the easiest possible time.

It should also apply if a landlord has several units, they have to negotiate when selecting items or materials for the greatest price for getting in large volume. For instance, a landlord gets big discounts if he buys six toilet bowls from any store. They must also negotiate whatever contract they sign, whether it’s the terms of any lease which has a tenant, a bank credit, a home repair agreement, or maybe a contract by having an electrician to hardwire smoke detectors.

The Role of Debt Collector

Another function a landlord must play is that of your debt collector after they collect rent using their tenants each month, but intensifies particularly if tenants do not pay promptly or won’t pay whatsoever. The landlord is then compelled to charge late charges or file to evict the delinquent tenant.

Landlord as Repairman

In rare cases, a landlord obliged himself to master basic home repairs. This is in anticipation for their tenants request emergency repair whenever something happens on any areas of their house. He will be called for carrying on broken window glass, replace blown out bulbs, fix malfunctioning faucet and broken furnishings.

Practically speaking, knowledge on basic home maintenance repair helps a landlord from spending too much money in hiring plumbers and other repairmen to get a task you personaly can fix, like broken doorknobs, leaking faucet and in some cases clogged toilet bowls. In this regard they can save plenty of cash, some time and efforts.

A Counselor Landlord

Oftentimes a landlord in addition to their tenants make a bond which makes the former a therapist as well as the same time a counselor. Tenants usually disclose very confidential and private issues. They will contact you at the most unexpected quantity of a state of horror simply because they saw unidentified mysterious man standing outside their property. Some will suddenly cry you asking for the extension of rental payment simply because need to prioritize something.

To finance the welfare as well as the administrative expenditure, governments all over the world impose certain taxes on the subjects. The taxation system can be useful for collecting revenue besides additionally, it provides direction to your economic growth and as well brings economic equilibrium amongst various classes. In any taxation system, the residential status in the taxpayer is of crucial significance. Residential status confirms the jurisdiction plus the application of taxation accountabilities.

However, within the, where x-country economic activity is completed, this is a tricky affair to name and justify the proper jurisdiction of tax authorities. In order to mitigate the hardships of multiple jurisdictions, the Governments access bilateral arrangements, which can be commonly denoted as “Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements” (DTAA). DTAA describes an accord between two countries, aiming at avoidance of double taxation. These are bilateral economic agreements wherein the countries concerned appraise the sacrifices and advantages that your treaty brings for every contracting nation. It would promote exchange of products, persons, services and investment of capital among such countries.

Indian Government is actively pushing DTAA negotiations with several countries to assist its residents understand their tax jurisdictions and accountability towards the correct authorities. So far India has signed DTAA with 81 countries and discussion is lets start work on many others. The natures of DTAA’s entered by India are greatly diverse into their nature and contents.

OECD and DTAAs

The first international initiative regarding DTAA was taken with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECD presented the very first draft of DTAA in ‘Model Tax Convention on Income additionally, on Capital’. DTAA was proposed being a tool of standardization and common solutions for cases of double taxation for the taxpayers who’re engaged in industrial, financial and other activities abroad. The double tax treaties are negotiated under international law and governed through the principles laid down under the Vienna Convention around the Law of Treaties.

Objectives

DTAA treaties must assistance in avoiding and alleviating the load of double taxation prevailing inside the international arena. The tax treaties must clarify the taxpayer to understand with certainty of his potential tax liability near your vicinity, where he or she is carrying on economic activities. Tax Treaties needs to ensure that there is no prejudice between foreign tax payers that has permanent enterprise inside the source countries and domestic tax payers of these countries. Treaties are created with the goal allocation of taxes between treaty nations plus the prevention of tax avoidance. The treaties should also ensure that equal and fair treating tax payers having different residential status, resolving differences in taxing the income and exchange of knowledge and other details among treaty partners.

Classification

Double taxation avoidance agreements can be classified into comprehensive agreements and limited agreements based about the scope of those agreements. Comprehensive Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements contribute towards taxes on income, capital gains and capital investments whereas Limited Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements denote income from shipping and air transport or legacy and gifts. Comprehensive agreements make sure the taxpayers within the countries could be treated on equitable manner in respect on the issues associated with double taxation.

Active & Passive Income

Passive Income means income created from investment in tangible / intangible assets eg. Immovable property, dividend, interest, royalties, capital gains, pensions etc. Active earnings are the income produced by carrying on active cross border business operations or by personal effort and exertion in case there is employment eg. Business profits, shipping, air transport, employment etc.

Current Scenario in India

The Indian Income Tax Act, 1961 administrates the taxation of greenbacks accrued in India. As per Section 5 on the Income Tax Act, 1961 residents of India are liable to tax on their own global income and non-residents are taxed only on income which has its source in India. The Provisions of DTAA override the overall provisions of taxing statute of any particular country. It is now well settled that in India the provisions with the DTAA override the provisions from the domestic statute. Moreover, with all the insertion of Sec.90 (2) inside Indian Income Tax Act, it’s clear that assessee produce an option of settling on be governed either with the provisions of particular DTAA and the provisions on the Income Tax Act, whichever will be more beneficial. Further if Income tax Act itself won’t levy any tax on some income then Tax Treaty doesn’t have a power to levy any tax on such income. Section 90(2) from the Income Tax Act recognizes this principle.

Govt. of India has created DTA agreement with all the following countries:

Armenia, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakstan, Kenya, Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyz Republic, Libya, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Philippines, Poland, Portuguese Republic, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Swiss Confederation, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Turkmenistan, UAE, UAR (Egypt), UGANDA, UK, Ukraine, United Mexican States, USA, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Zambia.

Tax Havens

OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) has blacklisted over 25 nations for tax relaxations they give for parking funds. These include Mauritius, Cyprus, Switzerland as well as the Netherlands. Tax havens allow easy parking of income either through investments or deposits. They may provide a range of incentives including a nominal capital gains tax for companies to finish financial secrecy of accounts held by individuals and corporate.

Treaty Models

There vary models developed during a period of time according to which treaties are drafted. These models help with maintaining uniformity inside format of tax treaties. They also work as checklist for ensuring exhaustiveness or provisions towards the two negotiating countries. Some on the popular models are called OECD Model, UN Model, the US Model as well as the Andean Model. Of these the 1st three would be the most prominent and quite often used.

OECD Model – The OECD Model was issued in Double Taxation Convention on Income and Capital in 1977 and amended thereafter in 1992 and 1995. OECD Model is largely a model treaty between two developed nations. This model advocates residence principle, this means, it lays emphasis within the right of state of residence to tax.

UN Model – The UN Model of 1980 gives more weight for the source principle as against the residence principle on the OECD model. As a correlative towards the principle of taxation at source the articles on the Model Convention are predicated for the premise from the recognition through the source country that (a) taxation of greenbacks from foreign capital would consider expenses allocable for the earnings in the income making sure that such income can be taxed using a net basis, that (b) taxation wouldn’t be so high with regards to discourage investment and this (c) it would take into consideration the appropriateness on the sharing of revenue together with the country offering the capital. In addition, the United Nations Model Convention embodies the thought that it will be appropriate for the residence country to give a measure of reduced double taxation through foreign tax credit or exemption as inside OECD Model Convention. Most of India’s treaties are based about the UN Model.